It also helps to interpret the impact of this altered control during many daily living and sports activities. Furthermore, incorporating many trunk motor tasks is beneficial, as this increases the possibility of revealing the motor control strategies in CLBP that may have altered trunk motor control during different motor tasks. For this method, large-scale and high-dimensional EMG data recorded during a variety of motor tasks are essential, as muscle synergies are the fundamental building blocks of neural constraints thus, it may address the question of how the CNS adapts in the presence of CLBP. NMF employs linear extraction and separates EMG matrices into time-invariant weighted activations of a group of muscles (muscle weighting components) and time-variant activation profiles (temporal pattern components). This is based on the premise that the central nervous system (CNS) relies on a limited number of muscle synergies to simplify movement production. The application of dimensionality reduction algorithms, such as non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), to EMG activities has been largely utilized to investigate coordination patterns or muscle synergies formed by multiple muscles activated in synchrony during many human and animal behaviors. Therefore, assessing multiple patterns of trunk EMG activity in an integrative fashion is required to accurately identify the overall picture of altered motor control in CLBP. Theses trunk muscles present bilateral and unilateral connectivity defined by the anatomical constraints (e.g., common origin and insertion of muscles) and the neural circuitry that projects to functional groups of muscles for dynamic motor control. Fundamentally, many spinal and abdominal muscles act as functional units for trunk stability and movement. One of the reasons for this is related to the issue that EMG can only record from a few of the trunk muscles, owing to the limited information that can be obtained from the EMG recordings. However, the responses to CLBP are highly variable and often contradictory.
Previous studies have shown changes in trunk muscle activation in individuals with CLBP. This endeavor is critical for providing efficient biomarkers as indicators of pathological processes and responses to therapeutic intervention. The determination of the underlying mechanism of CLBP through the use of neurophysiological indices such as electromyographic (EMG) recordings has been the subject of intense investigations aiming to identify altered trunk motor control strategies. In fact, experience of persistent/chronic LBP (CLBP) is largely associated with these costs. It decreases the patients quality of life and contributes to enormous direct health care costs and lost productivity costs. Low back pain (LBP) is the most common cause of disability worldwide. Our work provides the first demonstration that individual modular organization is fine-tuned while preserving the overall structures of trunk synergies and temporal patterns in the presence of persistent CLBP. Furthermore, the higher variability of trunk synergies in the other muscle regions such as in the latissimus dorsi and oblique externus, which were activated in trunk stability tasks in the CLBP group, represented more individual motor strategies when the trunk tasks were highly demanding. This may reflect the impaired back muscles that reshape the trunk synergies in the fixed structure of CLBP. We also found that trunk synergies related to the lumbar erector spinae showed lower variability in the CLBP group. The high similarity of the trunk synergies and temporal patterns in the groups suggests that both groups share the common feature of the trunk coordination strategy. We found six trunk muscle synergies and temporal patterns in both groups. Non-negative matrix factorization was performed to extract the muscle synergies.
9 (20.2–22.6) ± 0.7 years) by recording the surface electromyographic activities of 12 back and abdominal muscles (six muscles unilaterally). We investigated the muscle synergies during 11 trunk movement and stability tasks in 15 healthy individuals (8 females and 7 males, aged 21. In particular, altered trunk muscle coordination in response to specific trunk tasks remains largely unknown. Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a highly prevalent disease with poorly understood underlying mechanisms.
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